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MISSIONARY RESEARCH LIBRARY 


The PREPARATION of 
ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


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Professor Frederick L. Anderson, D.D. 
Reverend James L. Barton, D.D. 
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ARCHIVES ; 
MISSIONARY RESEARCH LiBRAa 


Grad F 


THE PREPARATION OF ORDAINED 
MISSIONARIES 


THE REPORT OF A COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY 
THE BOARD OF MISSIONARY PREPARATION 


o 


Dr. Ropert E. SPEER, Chairman 
Rey. Joun H. Stronc, Ph.D. | 
DEAN JAMES E. RussELL, LL.D. 
PRESIDENT HENRY C. KING, Ph.D. 
PRESIDENT W. W. Moore, D.D. 
PRESIDENT E. Y. Mutuins, D.D. 
BisHop W. F. O_pHam, D.D. 
PRINCIPAL T. R. O’Meara, D.D. 
PRESIDENT C. T. PauL, Ph.D. 
PRESIDENT W. W. Wire, Ph.D. 
Rev. GEorGE DracH 

PRINCIPAL ALFRED GANDIER, D.D. 


PRESENTED AT THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING IN KANSAS CITY, 
MO., JANUARY, 1914, PUBLISHED IN THE THIRD ANNUAL 
VOLUME OF THE PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD. 


REPRINTED MARCH 19, 1918. 


Board of Missionary Preparation 


25 Madison Ave., New York City 
































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ARCHIVES 
MASSIONARY RESEARCH Lioghay 


THE PREPARATION OF ORDAINED 
MISSIONARIES 


I. THE Present PLace AND NEED oF ORDAINED 
MISSIONARIES 


This Committee was appointed to report upon “the forms 
of missionary service calling for ordained missionaries and 
the importance of these in relation to other forms of work” 
and upon the preparation of such missionaries. The situa- 
tion both at home, among the colleges and universities and 
abroad in the present needs and problems of the missionary 
work, makes an inquiry into the place and preparation of 
the ordained missionary and a statement of the results of 
that inquiry not only desirable but indispensable. Two para- 
graphs from a letter from the Rev. R. A. Hume, D.D. of 
Ahmednagar, India, will bring this situation before us: 


I have been increasingly solicitous lest various new and important lines of 
missionary service might excessively and harmfully interfere with the one 
spiritual aim of foreign missions. I have been a leader in promoting and con- 
ducting general philanthropic effort in the Marathi Mission of the American 
Board, such as famine relief work, etc., etc.; also in planning and securing money 
for industrial work. Nevertheless, I am not a little anxious because the spiritual 
work of personal effort to win men and women to loyalty to the Lord Jesus 
Christ as a personal Saviour; shepherding such people; inspiring and guiding 
churches; the education and training of indigenous leaders, etc., etc., should be 
neglected. I see all about me places in this very mission where the fruitage of 
the devoted work of past years in these most important lines is not being reaped, 
and is even being lost because other desirable and necessary lines of missionary 
work are receiving foreign leaders and money, and are becoming very important 
agencies. E. g., in the important station of there are three ordained mis- 
sionaries and three lay missionaries. These three laymen are good Christian 
men, but they do not feel as interested in the development of church work and 
of the old lines of evangelism as ordained missionaries ordinarily feel. Also 
they distinctly consider themselves not qualified for such work as much as they 
themselves would like to feel. 

On my recent furlough in America I was asked to be present at several 


3 





A PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


student gatherings. The last Conference of this kind was near the mouth of the 
Oregon River, near Portland, Ore. It was a fine Conference. The Y. M. C. A. 
leaders who organized and conducted the Conference were personally interested 
to a high degree in having some of the students who were present become foreign 
missionaries. I was given opportunity to conduct a Mission Study Class, to make 
platform addresses, and to have frequent opportunities for personal intercourse 
with the young men who were present. I was surprised to find, if I remember 
right, nine young men in agricultural colleges express some desire to become 
foreign missionaries. But there was hardly one student who was present who 
had a distinct purpose of becoming an ordained missionary. I hope and presume 
that this was an exceptional case, and that in other student bodies a larger per- 
cent. of men in colleges are looking forward to becoming foreign missionaries 
who will be ordained ministers. 

However, apparently the secretaries of the Foreign Missionary Boards are 
finding difficulty in securing candidates who wish to become ordained mis- 
sionaries. 


We should deal a little more fully with each of these 
aspects of the situation: 

(1) At home the whole trend of education in the public 
schools and the State universities and increasingly in other 
schools and colleges is toward studies which do not prepare 
for the ordained ministry and which less and less prepare 
for any but commercial and scientific pursuits. Students 
are given a bent which leads them on into agricultural or 
engineering courses or some other forms of preparation 
which have so closed in upon them by the time the missionary 
call reaches them that they must either go on in these courses 
and seek an opportunity for such missionary service as 
may be open to men so trained, or else lose a good deal of 
what they have taken in going back to secure the prelim- 
inary preparation for the ministry. The Seminaries have 
not enough students at present to supply the needs of both 
the home and the foreign fields. For the year ending 
June 30th, 1912, there were 182 theological institutions in 
the United States with 11,242 students. There were 68 agri- 
cultural schools with 92,732 students, and 115 schools of 
medicine with 18,452 students, and 128 schools of dentistry 
and pharmacy with 14,353 students. The number of men 
entering the ministry, while increasing, is short of the home 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 5 


demand. And the additional men needed for the home and 
the foreign fields, who must be turned toward the ministry 
in college life, if they are to be secured, are, in the present 
conditions, men who have not taken Greek or the general 
studies required for preliminary preparation for the ministry 
and who have already begun and gone well forward in 
studies having a different goal. And this tendency is con- 
firmed by the impression that there is as large a place, if not 
a larger place, in the foreign field for other kinds of men as 
for ordained men. There is a large and imperative place 
for such other men which makes it possible to hold the mis- 
sion field before them as the field of best investment for their 
lives, but the current impressions and tendencies among 
young men are enormously in error as to the proportionate 
importance of the different forms of Christian service both 
at home and abroad, and the supply of ordained men suffers 
in consequence. The problem of recognizing the just claim 
of American education to fit boys and young men for pro- 
ductive industrial work and at the same time of securing 
the right preliminary education for those who are to give 
their lives to ethical and religious service and of getting 
and holding the right men for such service in the face of 
the overwhelming pressure of educational utilitarianism is 
a problem for the Church to face and to face now, and its 
solution is essential if the most needed class of missionaries 
is not to fail. Our own judgment is that the solution lies 
with Christian pastors and in the right guidance by 
Christian homes of Christian boys for whom their parents 
can be led to cherish the ideals of the largest service. 

(2) On the foreign field the present situation has been 
created by the growth of specialized forms of missionary 
service—doctors, teachers, industrial workers, agriculturists, 
engineers, etc., with the consequent development of what 
some, though not all, of the early missionaries regarded as 
the secondary and even questionable forms of work. Judson 


6 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


had this thought in mind when he wrote in 1832 to some 
students at home: 


Beware of the greater reaction which will take place after you have acquired 
the language and become fatigued and worn out with preaching the Gospel to 
a disobedient and gainsaying people. You will sometimes long for a quiet retreat, 
where you can find a respite from the tug of toiling at native work—the inces- 
sant, intolerable friction of the missionary grindstone. And Satan will sympa- 
thize with you in this matter; and he will present some chapel of ease, in which 
to officiate in your native tongue, some government situation, some professorship 
or editorship, some literary or scientific pursuit, some supernumerary translation, 
or, at least, some system of schools; anything, in a word, that will help you, 
without much surrender of character, to slip out of real missionary work. 


Today, however, we see clearly that it is the spirit, the 
aim and the result of the work which determine its real 
character, and not its particular form, and we have made 
a place and shall make a larger place for the trained teacher 
and for the men for other specialized tasks which are an 
essential part of the missionary undertaking. No men recog- 
nize this more clearly than the ordained missionaries. It is 
from them that this demand for men of competent special- 
ized equipment is coming. Nevertheless, missionaries in 
every field are now recognizing that the specialized workers, 
while still absolutely insufficient, are relatively excessive. 
There should be more of them. But there should be still 
more of the ordained men. The main body of missionaries, 
the evangelistic leaders and constructive church builders, 
have fallen into a dangerous disproportion. They and their 
work have not been carried forward in an adequate corre- 
sponding development with our educational and philanthropic 
activities. Our clearer perception, moreover, of the real 
function of missions in the creation of a native church has 
not been accompanied by methods for the development of 
such a church based upon a true understanding of the meth- 
ods of training bodies of men and of the principles govern- 
ing the character-formation of institutions. 

The Rev. G. D. Wilder of Peking, in a letter to the Com- 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 7 


mittee, describes the conditions which we are facing now in 
almost every mission field: 


For a long time the importance of dependence upon the native preacher for 
the great bulk of the work of planting the native church has been insisted upon— 
and rightly. This insistence seems to have had some influence on missionaries, 
however, to slacken their own evangelistic efforts until we now confront a new 
situation. The evangelistic missionary is being almost specialized out of exist- 
ence, and there is no corresponding increase of native preachers to the heathen 
masses. The Chinese student is like the student of every country—he imitates his 
teachers—and what he sees them do and count important he does and counts 
important. Accordingly as he sees his foreign teachers withdrawing from evan- 
gelism and specializing on education, etc., he, too, ceases to look to the ministry 
as the highest form of work for Christ and his country and plans for a life of 
teaching and other professional work. This year a class of some 25 graduated 
from our Arts College and some 18 had volunteered for the ministry, but only 
four of them enter the seminary; the rest seek places as teachers and Y. M. C. A. 
secretaries. Last year it was a little better, seven out of fourteen volunteers 
entering. 

In the street chapels in Peking, where the bulk of the preaching to non- 
Christians goes on, we find a great change during the past 15 years. Then each 
of the five missions in the city had one missionary, and some had two, who were 
giving their main strength to preaching in these chapels, many of them spending 
two or three hours a day in direct preaching and personal effort for individuals. 
They were assisted by the best educated Chinese preachers and by laymen. The 
chapels were in active operation from noon until dark daily. 

At present we find the missionaries of the city all engaged in teaching, super- 
intendence of out-stations, literary work or medical, so that they have no time 
for the direct evangelistic work. The curious part of the situation, and the 
alarming part, is that the work formerly done by the foreign speaker is not being 
done by the best educated Chinese speakers. They, too, are at work teaching or 
superintending church work among Christians or other philanthropic enterprises. 
There seems to me to be on the whole a great diminution in the total amount of 
scholarly preaching to the masses at a time when the students and thinking men 
are more interested and easily approached. They are drawn by scholarly preach- 
ing, but not by that they hear in the average mission chapel. I hope soon to 
investigate the chapels of the city to find out how much really vital and fresh 
preaching is done, but I am sure that the above statement is not overdrawn. 
Theologically trained men, both Chinese and foreign, are greatly needed in 
Peking and in most of the other stations of my acquaintance in order to overtake 
the present opportunity. If we do not continue to lead in this work the native 
preachers are not going to follow it up with vigor. In this field such missionaries 
are the backbone of the staff and must continue to be for a long time. Even in 
the Arts College we still must have teachers who are able to carry on strong 
evangelistic work if we are to expect our graduates to enter that work. Every 
Christian worker will meet objections to Christianity based upon the arguments 
of the rationalistic and materialistic schools of thought of forty years or more 
ago, and he should be trained in the most modern apologetic. 


8 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


And this is not Mr. Wilder’s feeling alone. He represents 
here the solid consensus of missionary opinion throughout 
Asia, and it is safe to say, throughout the world. We know 
certainly, however, that he is expressing the view of the mis- 
sions in Asia; for in the Continuation Committee Confer- 
ences they have given unequivocal utterance to their con- 
viction that the present overwhelming need in Asia is for 
competent, thoroughly prepared evangelistic workers. The 
Shanghai Conference declared: 

We urge upon the missions and churches the extreme importance of greatly 
increasing the proportion of evangelistic workers, both missionaries and Chinese; 


and in order to meet the present emergency we believe that as many as possible 
of the existing forces should be set free for this work. 


The Peking Conference said: 


We cannot deprecate too strongly the tendency apparent in many quarters, 
owing to the exigencies of other necessary branches of the work, to obscure the 
direct presentation of the truth as it is in Christ Jesus, or to relegate it to an 
inferior position in our plan of campaign, and we view with grave concern the 
disproportionately small number of those whose lives are entirely devoted to this 
task. We therefore urge the immediate necessity of setting apart a very much 
larger number of selected workers, both Chinese and foreign, for the organiza- 
tion and prosecution of purely evangelistic work, and that an adequate proportion 
of mission funds should be allotted for the purpose. ' 


All four of the National Conferences took the same view. 
The India Conference declared that the need “shown to be 
of paramount importance by the present situation” is “the 
clamant need of more aggressive, far-spread and conquering 
evangelistic effort” and for such effort and, indeed, allowing 
for exceptions, “generally speaking, missionaries should re- 
ceive a broad general culture and a thorough training in 
theology.” The China Conference declared: 

Our Lord Jesus Christ has laid upon His church as a primary duty the 
preaching of the Gospel to all nations. There come times in the history of 
nations when their need of the message of eternal life becomes manifestly urgent. 
It is such a time in China.now, and in God’s providence there is an opportunity 


corresponding to the urgency of the need. A great door and effectual is opened 
in China for the direct preaching of the Gospel. 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 9 


While fully recognizing the great evangelistic value of all the educational, 
medical and other institutional work, the Conference considers it urgently impor- 
tant at the present time to provide for and to safeguard the maintenance of an 
adequate supply of workers, Chinese and foreign, for the organization, prosecu- 
tion and extension of purely evangelistic work, and urges that a due proportion 
of funds be allocated for effective equipment for this purpose. 


The Korea Conference said: 


On account of the fact that both missionaries and Korean leaders have been 
forced to put much time and energy into institutional work and into the main- 
tenance of organization in the growing church, less time and zealous effort than 
formerly have been given by them to the direct preaching of the Gospel to non- 
Christians. 

All missionaries and Korean leaders should be urged to put, as far as pos- 
sible, more time and zealous effort into the work of direct personal evangeliza- 
tion, and a definite time should be given by each missionary every year solely to 
evangelistic work among non-Christians. 


And, most significantly of all, the Japan Conference, 
speaking for a field where many have held that the day of the 
evangelistic missionary was at its close, declares that 474 
additional evangelistic missionaries are required in order 
adequately to occupy the field, and that the greatest need of 
reinforcements is not now for the auxiliary methods of work, 
though wise use should be made of them, but for direct 
country evangelization, and that combination should be made 
“wherever possible in educational and other forms of work, 
in order to release as many missionaries as possible for direct 
evangelistic work.” 

The time has evidently come not only to say to young men 
who have definitely decided to give their lives to medical 
or educational work or other similar forms of service at 
home that they should consider whether the foreign field 
does not at this time offer them the largest field of service, 
but also to urge earnestly upon all young men who are not 
yet irrevocably committed to such forms of service that the 
present greatest need abroad is for trained evangelistic lead- 
ership and that the loudest call from the field is for rein- 
forcements of thoroughly prepared ordained men. 


10 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


This is the unanimous view of the correspondents of the 
Committee. We wrote to fifty of the leading American and 
Canadian missionaries selected by the representatives of 
their own churches and from thirty of these have received a 
valuable series of letters. We deemed it wiser, in this case, 
not to send a formal questionnaire, but to write, instead, a 
letter which would draw out the strongest personal utter- 
ance upon these points: 


1. The present place and need of ordained missionaries. 

2. The reasons why ordained missionaries are so essential. 

3. The preparation required by ordained missionaries. 

4. To what extent is similar preparation required, in part at least, by other 
missionaries ? 


This general and personal form of inquiry drew forth 
some interesting suggestions which we shall present, and 
which specific questions might not have elicited. 

We have inquired, also, whether any institutions have 
sought to offer such a course of preparation as our corre- 
spondence indicates that the missionary body feels to be 
essential. 


II. Reasons Wuy ORDAINED MISSIONARIES ARE SO 
ESSENTIAL 


We have already indicated the general judgment of the 
entire missionary body as to the present place and need of 
ordained missionaries. But young men at home facing the 
problem as a life problem, and some of the Boards and mis- 
sionary agencies facing it as a problem of missionary policy 
for themselves, may ask why ordained missionaries and a 
larger proportion of ordained missionaries devoted to evan- 
gelistic work should be so essential. These are the main 
reasons, gathered from our correspondence: 

(1) The primary purpose of missions is to propagate the 
Gospel, to carry it to all nations, to naturalize it in the mind 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 11 


and heart and life of the peoples to whom it is carried. How- 
ever much this work may be helped by symbol, it is funda- 
mentally and essentially a spiritual and intellectual task. The 
Gospel must be stated to new racial minds, its meaning, asso- 
ciated with countless localisms and traditions in our lives, 
must be voiced in its universal character to populations as 
unlike us as they are diversified among themselves. The 
messenger must know his own faith, must be able to appre- 
ciate the religious position of those to whom he goes, and to 
think out the approach and discern the access. He must 
know what the message of Christianity is, how it can be most 
persuasively stated to the people, what are the living elements 
of this old religion and what the errors and untruths which 
must pass away. New forms of doctrinal statement, new 
expressions and modes of worship, new institutional organi- 
zations will grow up. Men who know the history of Chris- 
tianity, who have studied its problems and development, who 
are prepared and ready to deal with life in its currents of 
intellectual and religious movement, are alone qualified to 
do fully the first and fundamental work of missions. 

These problems and necessities have arisen again and 
again in the history of the Christian Church, and a thorough 
study of that history will save men from repeating mistakes 
made in other ages and will guide them with the light which 
God has already given to His Church. Especially should 
missionaries have studied the missionary problems and poli- 
cies of the Apostolic age and of the other Ante-Nicene cen- 
turies and of the Medizval period and the extension of Chris- 
tianity throughout Europe. 

(2) The central and formative idea of missionary work 
is the Christian Church: The men who are to found and 
extend and guide such churches must be men who know 
what the church has been and is, who think in terms of the 
New Testament conception, and who, whether their church- 
manship is high or low, nevertheless know the reality of the 


12 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


body of Christ by experience and accept it as the governing 
principle of their thought and work. And indeed, until there 
is a Christian constituency, every form of missionary work 
is limited. Education has neither the right foreground nor 
the right background, neither the right material to work 
with nor the right society to work for. Our correspondents 
present this consideration in varying forms: 


It seems to me that the ordained missionary is certain to continue to have 
a primary and indispensable place in the whole missionary movement. Although 
social applications of Christianity, education, medical work, etc., are entirely 
legitimate and in some fields quite indispensable elements of the missionary 
movement, not one of them is so central as the place filled by the theologically 
educated, ordained missionary. Of course, the exact function that such a mis- 
sionary will fill must depend upon his personality and the thoroughness of his 
training; but so long as the church remains central in the Christian movement, 
so long will the ordained missionary keep a place of central importance. I would 
only qualify what I have said by expressing my conviction that the other depart- 
ments of work may and should all be integral parts of Christian work, penetrated 
from center to circumference by the Christian spirit and feeding into the 
church. . . . It seems to me that it is very desirable for all classes of mis- 
sionaries to have some training in theology. By that I do not mean a full course 
in a theological seminary, but such well directed study after graduation from 
college as shall give them a command of the essentials of Christianity and of the 
Bible, both in themselves and in connection with non-Christian systems. Such 
study is essential, for example, in the case of almost all Young Men’s Christian 
Association secretaries in the foreign field if they are to render the greatest help 
to the church and the whole Christian movement. (Galen M. Fisher, National 
Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. in Japan.) 

The work of upbuilding the church can best be done by those who through 
their acquaintance with the history of the church and of doctrine are in a posi- 
tion to serve as guides. (J. C. R. Ewing, President Forman Christian College, 
Lahore, India.) 

The missionary is the referee in all perplexing problems of church govern- 
ment, of church worship, of creed and conduct. Church history repeats itself; 
and a knowledge of all the rocks and reefs, or shoals and mists, of wind and 
weather, that have threatened the ship during the past twenty centuries will not 
be amiss to the pilots of today. Every ordained missionary to the Nearer East 
should first, through the theological classroom, attend the Council of Nice. It is 
impossible to be a leader in the religious thought of the native church without 
theological training. And the caliber and culture of the native church leaders in 
China, Japan and India are of very high order. (Samuel M. Zwemer, Cairo, 
Egypt.) 

Medical, industrial, educational and women’s work can come to completion 
only where the church with its institutions is established, and this requires 
ordained men. (W. D. Schermerhorn, Garrett Biblical Institute, Illinois.) 

Another consideration is that the acquisition of an amount of theological 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 13 


lore is not the only purpose ef a theological course; of equal importance is it that 
men be developed and established in the analogy of the faith and in Christian or 
church consciousness, so that they may the more readily and correctly meet the 
problems to be solved. This will lead to unity of thought and feeling among the 
missionaries of any mission—a factor of which the value cannot be over- 
estimated. (C. F. Kuder, Rajahmundry, India.) 

I would say without qualification that the relative place of the ordained mis- 
sionary is in respect of importance of service the first place. We cannot reverse 
the scriptural order—some apostles and some prophets, and some evangelists, 
and some pastors and teachers. The great end of the Christian church in mis- 
sionary work is the planting of the church on mission soil, and in this work the 
ordained missionary is of necessity the leader. Not only so, but the leaders in 
the native church must be pastors and evangelists; and to these the ordained 
missionary should furnish the highest example and inspiration. It would be 
a calamity indeed should the work of the ordained missionary be subordinated 
to other forms of Christian work. It is sometimes claimed that the training 
work is the first work that now claims the attention of missionaries and, there- 
fore, that the church should put her main strength on the building up of institu- 
tions for the training of men and the manning of such institutions. 

In regard to this it may be said that though the training in institutions is a 
work the importance of which cannot be gainsaid, yet the training does not begin 
in the institution nor end there. Who are the men who, passing through Chris- 
tian institutions, become leaders of their fellowmen and of Christian enterprises? 
They are the men who came from Christian homes or from a Christian environ- 
ment, away off, maybe, in some country district. The training began long before 
the institution was established. Sometimes we hear speakers minimize the early 
forms of evangelistic mission work, claiming that we have now reached the ideal 
in the establishing of mission institutions and the training of men and women. 
But such institutions could never have been established without a constituency, 
and it was the early forms, the more primitive forms of mission work—which 
even now cannot be abandoned—that have built up this constituency. 

Our Lord Himself had the wider vision when he said, “The sower and 
reaper shall rejoice together.” Nor does the training end in the institution. 
After men leave the institution of learning, full of zeal for Christian service, 
it is the ordained men of experience and of sympathy who are, or should be, 
those who will guide, help, suggest, counsel. The forces on the mission field 
never needed ordained men of the highest type more than they are needed today. 
(P. F. Price, Union Theological Seminary, Nanking, China.) 


(3) The great need of the Christian Church, as soon as 
it has begun, is trained native leadership. That is the great 
need of all the countries where foreign missions are carried 
on. These nations need trained Christian leadership. The 
supreme aim of all missionary education is to produce capa- 
ble Christian leaders. The most pressing need of these lands 
today is a trained native ministry. It is obvious that such 


14 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


a ministry needs for its training men who themselves have 
been thoroughly over more ground than they are to cover 
with their students. In the college training of these min- 
isters and in the preparation of the large body of lay Chris- 
tian leadership required, lay educational missionaries may 
have a large part, but if the native leadership, lay and or- 
dained, is to be qualified to do its work in the expansion and 
guidance of the native church, it must have equipment and 
ideals which call for the work of some of the most thor- 
oughly prepared missionary teachers. Furthermore, the 
problem of guiding and cooperating with the native church 
and its leaders in the time of transition to its full indepen- 
dence is more difficult even than the problems which surround 
its beginning. In all the advanced mission fields this and the 
problem of fresh evangelization are the two great problems. 
It cannot be solved on a financial basis or in educational insti- 
tutions. It must be worked out between men who are church 
leaders. As Dr. W. A. Shedd of Persia writes in his letter: 


As the native church develops there is grave danger in its control by the 
mission through financial relations, administered by the mission body, a majority 
of whom may be not only unconnected with the evangelistic work of the church, 
so far as personal activity is concerned, but may be without special training in 
the history and ideals of the church. The true method is influence and not con- 
trol, and the true basis is character and not finance. The needed moral and 
spiritual power is not secured, of course, by theological education or by ordina- 
tion; but the special training and the special setting apart of the ordained mis- 
sionary are important aids to it. The relations of the mission to the growing 
church demand ordained missionaries. 


The problems arising in this field of new church creation 
demand the broadest possible equipment and a study of 
church history and the problem of racial relationships not 
yet offered to missionary candidates. 

(4) The most essential thing in the training of a native 
church and its leaders is to insure the dominance of the 
evangelistic spirit. The church and its leaders can never 
be made evangelistic by being told to be. They will be not 
what the missions and missionaries counsel them to be, but 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 15 


what they see that the missions and missionaries are. For 
that reason the missions must saturate all their activities 
with the evangelistic spirit. The Shanghai Continuation 
Conference spoke of this: 


A strong evangelistic spirit should characterize every branch of the mis- 
sionary enterprise; all missionaries, pastors, teachers and other religious workers 
by their life and work should give the place of supreme importance to “proclaim- 
ing Jesus Christ and Him crucified,” and every member of the church should be 
impressed with the privilege and duty of sharing in the holy art of soul-winning. 


And to make sure of the dominance of such a spirit, Bishop 
Bashford is urging upon his Board the appointment of a yet 
larger proportion of ordained men. He writes to our Com- 
mittee: 


The evangelistic work, that is, the bringing of men into the Kingdom and 
the building up of men in Christian character for the future service of the 
Kingdom, is the end of all our efforts. This end bulks so large, in my thinking, 
that I would not bring any man to China, even for medical work or for educa- 
tional work, who does not make the interests of the Kingdom supreme. At just 
this point we are threatened by specialists and the emphasis which we, and they 
more fully than we, are inclined to place upon their special preparation and their 
special work on the field in medicine, science, etc. Hence I have urged the mem- 
bers of our own Board to send men of evangelistic spirit and, so far as possible, 
ordained men not only for all evangelistic work, but for teaching, and I am glad 
to add that we have a few ordained men in medicine, and I believe that upon the 
whole they are the most helpful physicians we have in China. 

On the other hand, I am very sure that it is utterly hopeless for foreigners, 
by their own unaided efforts, to expect to evangelize and Christianize the Chi- 
nese. Just as Christ seemed to lay quite as much stress upon teaching His dis- 
ciples and manifesting His spirit in healing the sick as in the direct preaching, so 
I am sure that the missionary body as a whole must devote its energies largely 
to training the Chinese as preachers and showing them by example how to preach, 
and through preaching build up the Kingdom. On this account I wish that our 
educators especially might be ordained men who could participate frequently in 
religious services and could discharge any religious functions. We are aware of 
the criticisms to which this plan is subject. Men complain that they cannot 
become specialists in medicine unless they concentrate all their energies upon 
their technical work. We can meet this difficulty in part by enlarging the number 
of teachers, physicians, etc., so as to permit some time for the spiritual work 
and yet leave the physician as much time for his technical work as he now has 
with the large amount of medical work and teaching thrust upon him. But the 
supreme end for which we are here is not the making of new contributions to 
science or medicine, but the raising up of a body of men fully trained and 
especially with a spirit which will insure still further progress on their part along 
special lines, but whose supreme aim is the building up of the Kingdom in China. 


16 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


And it is not only the spirit of evangelism in all activities 
that is necessary. As we have seen, it is also a great enlarge- 
ment of the amount of direct preaching, of specific evangelis- 
tic work. This is needed not only because of the direct need 
for it, but also because, as Mr. Wilder’s letter has indicated, 
the only way to have direct evangelism fill a larger place in 
the native church and to raise up a larger number of men 
who will preach the Gospel, is for the missionaries and mis- 
sions to set the example, and for that purpose we need a far 
larger proportion of evangelistic missionaries. Two letters 
which we have received may be quoted, expressing the views 
of two experienced and careful men: 


Experience has reinforced my conviction that we ought to send mainly, 
and as far as possible, ordained men into the foreign field, and regard unordained 
men as exceptions for certain limited forms of work. I believe that men edu- 
cated theologically and ordained are better fitted to place the proper values 
ethically, morally and spiritually upon all other forms of work which are neces- 
sarily and confessedly subsidiary to the preaching of the Gospel, which is the 
supreme end of all mission work. It is becoming a harder fight on the field, as 
in home churches, to keep the spiritual aim and purpose in advance of the educa- 
tional and philanthropic. I am sure that the increase of men not educated 
theologically and whose work primarily is educational, or medical, or financial, 
does unwittingly weaken and obscure the spiritual aspects of the work except 
when they may happen to be exceptions to the general rule. We see many medical 
and educational workers in Syria, of our own and other nationalities, and—I say 
it advisedly—that unordained men have a much harder time and do less success- 
fully keep the spiritual aims of the work in advance of their professional aims 
and routine. 

Because the Syria Mission is largely surrounded by other forms of work, I 
would say that the Board would do well never to send us an unordained man 
unless it is physically impossible to obtain the ordained man. The closer contact 
with institutions of other nationalities, with consular and governmental business, 
is an additional reason why we should have ordained men if we would help keep 
spiritual aims clear and strong. (Franklin E. Hoskins, Beirut, Syria.) 

Every year adds to the forms of service required in this land. This con- 
stitutes not only ever-widening opportunity, but also constantly increasing 
danger. Missions are too ready to listen to every appeal which may be made 
that they open new forms and departments of activity for the betterment of men 
in all the spheres of their need. In other words, I feel that missions are in great 
danger of being converted into philanthropies in which the distinct Christian 
message is either entirely lost or is hopelessly obscured. In order to preserve 
the integrity of our missionary activity as a distinctively Christian propaganda, 
it is well to continue to emphasize the ordained Christian minister as the control- 
ling element in our missionary force of workers. Generally speaking, he is the 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED. MISSIONARIES 17 


only one who has systematic and fairly adequate training for the interpretation 
and exposition of our faith to a non-Christian people. It is for this reason that 
I deplore the sending out of so many men and women for our educational 
department whose training has been exclusively on common educational and 
pedagogic lines and who are not qualified either to intelligently teach our faith 
or to successfully meet the philosophic objections raised by the. bright youth of 
this land. I should like to have every missionary candidate (for whatever depart- 
ment he may be sent) confronted before leaving his native land with search- 
ing inquiries as to his theological and philosophical qualifications to present 
Christianity to a non-Christian people. But in any case I believe that the only 
hope for our cause in India lies in sending out men of deep spiritual experience 
and conviction, and, as far as possible, men theologically trained and ordained. 
This is the most important requisite in order to preserve for our missionary 
cause its distinct sphere as a Christian propaganda. From my experience of mis- 
sionaries and missions in India I am inclined to give prime emphasis to the above. 

To this I would add the observation that the large majority of the male 
members of every mission should be ordained men. It is an easy thing to spread 
out into many spheres of activity where the ordained man may not be absolutely 
needed or essential; I raise the question whether such forms of activity should 
absorb so much of the time and effort of a mission. (J. P. Jones, Pasumalai, 
Madura, India.) 


(5) The intellectual problems and resistances which 
Christianity is meeting upon the mission field demand men 
with a training directed to fit them for the discussions await- 
ing them. Asia is a great forum of debate today. The 
young men are not only studying the thought of the West, 
but doing some Oriental thinking of their own. Questions 
of religion and ethics and politics, ecclesiastical history and 
organization, the reunion of long-severed Christian denomi- 
nations, the place of non-Christian religions in the education 
of humanity, the adjustment of ancient Asiatic social prin- 
ciples to the new ideas, of the meaning and destiny of racial 
distinctions—new questions by the score are before the men 
who go to Asia in this decade. Dr. J. C. R. Ewing writes: 

The missionary who has had little or no opportunity of studying Christian 
doctrines and history and evidences, usually finds himself powerless in the pres- 


ence of the keen questionings that meet him as he comes in contact with the 
brighter minds of the non-Christian world. 


And he instances some of the simple and familiar ques- 
tions which the young men hur! at the missionary: 


18 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES: 


Who died upon the cross? Was it God or was it man? If He was God, 
why did He cry out and say, “My God, why hast Thou forsaken Me?” If He was 
a man, how can we suppose that a man’s death could atone for the sin of a whole 
world full of men? Explain to me, please, the doctrine of the Trinity. You say 
that the doctrine of the transmigration of souls is not true; will you give me 
any argument outside the Christian Scriptures to prove your position on the 
subject? Some of the greatest of the Christians say that a part of the Bible is 
not God’s Word; which part is that, and how do you know that the rest is 
inspired? Will you give me any reason for believing that there is a state of con- 
scious existence after death? Of course, I want a reason outside the Bible, for 
that book is not with me an authority. 


And the Rev. J. Leighton Stuart of Nanking, China, adds: 


As to the advantage of theological education, even for missionaries engag- 
ing in other forms of work, I believe it desirable where possible, for at least one 
reason, which has been forced upon me by personal observation. In the great 
mission fields, Western philosophical and sceptical thought, as well as liberalized 
Christianity, are amazingly current, especially among students. A lay missionary 
is very apt to have read just enough recent popular theological literature to make 
him very free in discussing these matters with students, while lacking the poise 
and perspective that would probably have come with even a brief course in 
. theology and church history. 


And missionaries who do not meet so often these necessi- 
ties feel, nevertheless, the need of this training on other 
grounds: 


Now for the first general question in your letter: “The forms of missionary 
service calling for ordained missionaries and the importance of these to other 
forms of work.” The apologetic period of mission work in India may safely be 
regarded as being about over; while there are still large areas here and there in 
the country that are not occupied by any mission, it is, nevertheless, in general 
true that Christianity has been sufficiently long established to be well known; 
and it is equally true that it has so thoroughly commended itself to all classes 
of Hindus as to need no further defense. It is not too much to say that the 
greatest influence in India today—at any rate in the province in which I labor— 
is the Bible. History is repeating itself. As in the early Christian church a 
period of apologetics was followed by one of doctrinal development and expres- 
sion, together with the development of Christian life and worship, so it will be 
and has already begun to be in India. Hitherto the majority of accessions to 
Christianity came from the lower, usually unthinking classes, who docilely received 
what they were taught by the missionaries of the various denominations. But 
conditions have changed; not only is the number of well-educated, thoughtful 
Indian Christians increasing, but the prospect is that before long there will be 
large accessions from the more intelligent caste people—the gentry of the land. 
There will come a period of weighing and testing old doctrinal statements, and of 
comparison of denominational or distinctive doctrines. There is already a dis- 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 19 


position to form a national Indian church—to throw off Occidental forms in 
favor of an, as yet, rather misty Oriental development, and this tendency the 
aspirations after political unity and nationalism will intensify. Much is being 
said and written nowadays of the “Oriental Christ,” and of the contributions that 
the Orient, especially India, will bring to Christianity. The cocksureness of inex- 
perience and immaturity in religious matters is proverbial, and, therefore, there 
will come a situation that will have to be faced seriously. This cannot be met 
by medical or industrial or educational missionaries if not equipped with a course 
in theology; nor by agricultural missionaries. It is the theologically trained and 
ordained missionary to whom we must look to meet this responsibility. (C. F. 
Kuder, Rajahmundry, India.) 


(6) It is recognized that in the early years of Missions 
the translation of the Bible and the theological text books 
needed called for men who had a knowledge of Hebrew and 
Greek and theology. But it needs to be recognized that the 
literary necessities of those days are immensely augmented 
today. Old Bible versions need revision, and while it is true 
that this revision must be chiefly the work of native Christian 
scholars, few, and in some fields none of these know the 
original languages of Scripture. This work calls, however, 
for a negligibly small number of men. But not so the new 
necessities for apologetic, homiletic and general Christian 
literature. A Christian literature needs to be created for 
the peoples of these mission lands. It is a gigantic task, 
calling for the highest talent and richest preparation. For 
some time to come an increasing number of missionaries who 
have had a thorough philosophical, literary and theological 
education will be needed for this work, and none but such 
men can do it. One correspondent writes: 


To give you an idea of what may confront a missionary and of what great 
value theological training is, permit me to give a bit of my experience. For the 
needs of my own work I have been obliged to write, adapt or translate, and then 
publish in Telegu, books on Isagogics, Church History, Symbolics, Catechisms, 
Elementary Dogmatics, S. S. Literature, Bible History, Sacred History,. Litur- 
gics and Homiletics. During my last year of service I was charged with the 
translation and publication of our Lutheran “Church Book,” a rich liturgy, orders 
for ministerial acts, and hymns. Had I been without a thorough theological 
training, I should never have been able to do this work. 


(7) We may group in this paragraph a number of reasons 


20 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


advanced by our correspondents for the choice by young 
men of the work of the ordained missionary, and for the 
appointment of more such men by the Boards: 


For such work as our mission has undertaken in Honan, and it is in all 
respects the average kind of work done in North China, an Arts Course, followed 
by a full course in theology, leading up to ordination, is an excellent preparation. 
It develops all a man’s faculties, gives him a good all-round education, introduces 
him to many men in other professions, broadens his outlook on life, leads him to 
look well into the past, fits him for active work in the present, thus making him 
a living man in an intensely living practical age. ‘ 

A large number of the outstanding representatives of the Christian churches 
in China were and are still ordained. They studied Chinese, opened up the coun- 
try to Christian workers, founded missions, organized churches, wrote books, 
dealt with officials, established colleges, became educators and successful teachers, 
were enthusiastic evangelists and wise counselors, and bore the burden and heat 
of the day in very varied missionary activities. Something may surely be claimed 
for ordained men to whose credit so much of the best work done so far in China 
is due. Any method which has produced such good results should not be lightly 
abandoned. It will stand to be judged by its fruits. (Murdoch Mackenzie, 
Changte, China.) 

It is my firm conviction that a theological training with ordination to the 
Christian ministry is, all in all, the best preparation for a missionary—exactly 
because it is the general type of education best calculated to produce the type 
of manhood required. Even one who plans to be a medical missionary or an 
educator will, all in all, be a larger man and, therefore, a more effective mis- 
sionary if he shall have done some theological reading and prepared himself for 
religious leadership. If the purpose of the medical missionary is merely to 
administer drugs or perform operations, such training may not be of much use, 
but if he seeks to build up the Kingdom of God and to take advantage of the 
great opportunities given him in his practice, then the larger his personality, the 
more he embodies in his own person and consciousness the total life of the 
church and of the whole human race, the more effectively can he utilize his great 
opportunities. (Sidney L. Gulick, Kyoto, Japan.) 

We need on the field well balanced and strong characters. The full college 
and seminary course will go a long way toward settling a man in his character, 
balancing his judgment, giving him well formed conviction, etc. The man who 
has not had this training is very liable to be superficial, unstable, and too often 
erroneous in his teachings. (C. L. Brown, Kumamoto, Japan.) 

A sound theological course tends to give a balance to one’s mind. The man 
may forget all about Butler’s reasoning, or the substance of “De Incarnatione,” 
but his mind is surely the clearer, his judgment the saner, for having gone 
through the proper course. (B. M. Millman, Toyobashi, Japan.) 

An unordained man is always a man with only one string, e.g., if he is 
sent as an educational missionary and should not meet the requirements, there is 
no other form of service he will be likely able to enter. Were he ordained, he 
might succeed quite well as a district missionary. And then there is always the 
possibility of a man being sent alone to some place where there is no one to 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 21 


administer the sacraments, unless he can do so. This, naturally, is of importance 
only when ordination is regarded as being necessary for the administration of the 
sacraments. 

Now for your specific question: “What do you believe to be the comparative 
importance of the work of ordained missionaries?” It outweighs all others and is 
the foundation of them all; no mission will succeed without the ministry of the 
Word and Sacraments. (C. F. Kuder, Rajahmundry, India.) 

There are reasons, I think, that make it advisable for male missionaries, as 
a rule, to be ordained. Medical missionaries are an exception and so are educa- 
tional missionaries engaged in such teaching as requires special technical training. 
But generally men whose position requires them to be leaders in educational work 
and who should be regarded in the community as well as the schoolroom as lead- 
ers, will be helped by having the status of ordained ministers. The training in 
ministerial work will also aid them in taking advantage of the evangelistic 
opportunities that will offer themselves in the community which should not be 
neglected. Missionaries engaged in theological training classes, of course, should 
be ordained. The need of maintaining the evangelistic tone in the missionary 
body enforces the advisability of educational missionaries being ordained. 
(W. A. Shedd, Urumia, Persia.) 

When we consider the work as it is, there is no place in the world where 
a broad and all-round training is needed like the mission field, and since our pur- 
pose is primarily that of Christianizing the people and doing religious work, the 
theological education should never be minimized. The fact is that in the changes 
of mission life, through deaths and the unexpected furloughs and changes of the 
field, a mission station is often likely to be short-handed. One may specialize as 
much as he pleases, but the fact remains that the exigencies of the case very 
often compel a man to undertake and look after work that is very far from that 
which he had in mind when coming to the field. Few can choose a kind of work 
and adhere to it through a long period. So many have to take up work quite 
different from that which they anticipated that I think that the training of the 
seminary is always in place and should not be omitted.” (J. L. Dearing, Yoko- 
hama, Japan.) 

I authorize you and others to say that from very wide experience during 
39 years I do not know of any line of missionary service so inspiring, so urgent, 
so rewarding as that kind of service which the ordinary ordained missionary is 
called on to do. The best young men of India are hungering after an advanced 
education. They are quite open for heart-to-heart spiritual intercourse with mis- 
sionaries who will speak directly to them on spiritual things. The churches of 
India are in great need of preachers and leaders of an ordained standing from 
the West. (R. A. Hume, Ahmednagar, India.) 


Special attention should be called to the suggestion that 
the ordained missionary is the most generally useful and 
adaptive man. A score of services must be rendered in a 
mission for which no specialized worker can be sent out. 
Furloughs constantly break up the distribution of tasks, and 
throw on the other members of the station the duties of their 


22 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


absent associate. A mission covers a wide area of territory, 
and problems arise in distant parts of the field which affect 
all the work and raise problems which go to the very heart 
of the church’s life. Some one must be ready to go off to live 
among the people, to cope with these problems. The burden 
of all these emergencies which arise daily in the work falls 
on the ordained evangelistic missionaries. The missions 
need more of them than of any other workers, and suffer 
most from the lack of them. 

(8) The missionary enterprise today is legitimately and 
of necessity a much more varied service than in Paul’s time, 
and every form of missionary work which is legitimate and 
necessary can claim an equal sacredness and satisfaction. 
But when young men are making their choice of the forms 
of action they are to pursue, it is just to press upon them 
these considerations which our correspondents have ad- 
vanced, and also to direct them to the example of the most 
powerful and successful missionary who ever gave his life 
to the propagation of Christianity in other lands. What 
method did Paul pursue? In what forms did he cast his 
mighty and enduring action? He directly assailed his prob- 
lems. He took his living Gospel and went with it confidently 
out upon human life. In city and town and country he 
preached Christ. He left behind him centers of new life, 
and he did not forget or abandon them. On the contrary, 
with ceaseless care he held fast to them, revisited them,.wrote 
to them, sent men to them, sought to make each of them a 
living nucleus in the new body. He was forever on the watch 
for likely young men whom he bound to Christ and to his 
own missionary ideals, and whom he carefully trained in 
the most powerful of all schools, the school of his own blazing 
personal companionship. His ambition to push out the 
bounds of the Church to the rim of the world, to reach the 
unreached, to make the church a shining moral light and a 
‘glowing social fellowship and a resistless Christian argu- 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES — 23 


ment, and his theory of the Church as a free and living body 
—these are the ambitions and the theory which we need 
today, and which call especially for missionaries of Paul’s 
method and spirit and equipment. 

The Committee has set forth with deep sympathy and 
general agreement these arguments for a larger preponder- 
ance of ordained men engaged in the most direct, aggressive 
and comprehensive evangelistic work. And we would press 
these arguments with all our power upon the attention of our 
young men, realizing that it is the inadequacy of the supply 
of capable ordained men which prevents the Boards from 
increasing the proportion of such missionaries. At the same 
time, we recognize, as our correspondents have done, the 
large and increasing place for other workers, and desire to 
guard against any unnecessary comparisons which might 
discourage young men who are not intending to enter the 
ministry from considering the claim of the foreign field. It 
will suffice to quote from two of our correspondents: 


There is much work to be done on the mission field, however, for which the 
ordinary theological course does not in any special way fita man. Many mission 
agents are required. Architects are needed to build houses of many descriptions. 
Where industrial work is carried on teachers are called for. So, too, where work 
is done for the blind. Colporteurs require foreign Christians to oversee and 
direct them. Schools of all grades demand qualified educationalists. Many 
types of men are needed to reach large bodies of students. Y. M. C. A. work 
will call for goodly numbers of practical Christian enthusiasts. Newspapers and 
magazines appeal for thoroughly qualified Christian editors. These are but 
specimen samples of a large number of callings demanding the best types of 
Christian men our Western lands can produce, but not necessarily men who have 
been theological students. With the opening up of China to Christian influences 
an ever-increasing band of workers will be urgently called for to meet the 
clamant demands of that ancient empire. Ordained men who desire service in 
some of the directions mentioned above are sure to give a good account of them- 
selves in these, but the point aimed at is that for many of these Christian activi- 
ties men not ordained are admirably fitted. Where the needs are so varied, no 
class of worker should be excluded. Have ordained men by all means, if they 
can be spared, but do not set a premium on one class of men when there are so 
many others who could do good work. (Murdoch Mackenzie, Changte, China.) 

The need for theologically trained men will no doubt continue to the end; 
but these needs of the mission field demand economic, social and educational 
‘help as well as the moral and the spiritual. Under these circumstances it would 


24 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


be futile to compare the relative importance of men sent to meet these real, 
though varied, needs. 

I think that it would be ideal if all the industrial, agricultural and educa- 
tional workers we sent abroad had a theological education. It would be ideal 
if more of our leaders at home could have the advantage of a thorough ground- 
ing in such things. But I feel that this is so far from being actually practicable 
that it ought not to be insisted upon. The requirements in any one of these 
lines of work mentioned above are so great that a man can hardly acquire the 
mastery in his line and give three years besides to the seminary. And I believe 
that mastery of the line for which a man goes out is essential. I attribute some 
of our greatest failures in the Punjab to the fact that men have been set to tasks 
for which they were not prepared, although they had had a theological training. 
(D. J. Fleming, Lahore, India.) 


While, however, our correspondents assert the great op- 
portunities for other workers than ordained evangelists, 
and decline to require a full theological course for them, 
there is a general agreement, as there was in the Continua- 
tion Committee Conferences, that all missionary workers 
ought to have a thorough Biblical training and as much of a 
philosophical and theological equipment, also, as could be 
given them. The Hankow Conference held that: 


Whenever possible, a broad and thorough general education should precede 
special missionary preparation. A good Biblical training is indispensable for 
every kind of missionary work, and, in addition, sufficient theological instruction 
to insure an intelligent understanding of the Christian faith. Moreover, it is 
extremely desirable, in fact necessary, that any man or woman who comes out 
as a missionary should have had personal and practical experience of Christian 
work at home. 


It declared also that missionaries to China ought to have 
“some education in the religions, history, literature, social 
institutions and national characteristics of the Chinese peo- 
ple.” And the National China Conference held that “all 
missionaries should be well grounded in Bible study.” Our 
correspondents go further than this and urge the desirability 
of a good theological and pedagogical equipment for all mis- 
sionaries who are to take a man’s full part in the present-day 
missionary situation. The missionaries who have written 
to us are prepared for any relaxation of traditional modes 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 25 


of training, or any combinations or rearrangements which 
will give the equipment actually needed, but they believe in 
the necessity of a solid religious training for all missionary 
workers. 


It seems to me that it is very desirable for all classes of missionaries to 
have some training in theology. By that I do not mean a full course in a theo- 
logical seminary, but such well directed study after graduation from college as 
shall give them a command of the essentials of Christianity and of the Bible, 
both in themselves and in connection with non-Christian systems. Such study 
is essential, for example, in the case of almost all Young Men’s Christian Asso- 
ciation secretaries in the foreign field, if they are to render the greatest help 
to the church and the whole Christian movement. (Galen M. Fisher, Tokyo, 
Japan.) 

It seems to me very desirable that all male missionaries, except medical, 
should take a full seminary course. So strongly do I feel this that I have never 
ceased to urge upon my own son to take the full theological course, though his 
whole bent hitherto has been toward educational work. However high a man’s 
qualifications may be for educational or other work, I hold that his best equip- 
ment is a term of years at evangelistic work. I can’t otherwise see how any man 
is to adequately know a foreign people. He must talk with, sleep with, converse 
with, listen to and preach to and intently pay heed to every sentence the evan- 
gelist may utter when preaching to his countrymen if he would be efficient and 
know the people. We pity men in the homeland who have to get their training 
for the ministry from men who have never been in the pastorate. How much 
more should we expect students to be handicapped who must get their training 
from foreigners, who do not know them nor the conditions under which they 
live! (J. Goforth, Changtefu, China.) 

No mission work attains its end that is merely benevolent or philanthropic. 
Saving life, healing the sick, teaching the ignorant, training the dependent, are 
all good and useful, but their full value in relation to advancing the Kingdom 
will be realized, not only when the workers do these things in Christ’s spirit, but 
when they turn their opportunities to account by adequately presenting the Gospel 
and the claims of Christ to the souls with whom they deal. 

While it may not be possible for many missionaries other than those pre- 
paring for ordination to take a full theological course, it is most desirable that 
all should know Christianity not only practically, but in its basic, its fundamental 
doctrines, and its application, so as to state and defend and apply it as occasion 
may offer. For lack of this knowledge and power many remain silent when they 
ought to speak, and, conscious of weakness in the presence of opponents, they 
suffer shame and defeat. 

Every missionary should have at least a knowledge of the Bible, its struc- 
ture, its growth, its messages, its fundamental doctrines and teachings, the com- 
mon objections and answers suitable. Special attention should be given to an 
apologetic, having in view evidences fitted to appeal to the genius and mind of 
the people, and the objections presented from the side of their faiths. (W. A. 
Wilson, Indore, India.) 

I see many and great advantages in specialized work, but see also not a few 


? 


26 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


dangers that need to be avoided. As a general thing, in most of the departments 
of missionary work, the ordained man who has specialized in some particular 
department will be a more valuable worker than he who has had only the 
specialized training. His views, his understanding and his sympathies are 
broader. (S. R. Gammon, Lavras, Brazil.) 

I think the theological course is desirable for men expecting to spend their 
lives in educational work as well as in direct evangelistic work. On the other 
hand, China is not only substituting Western courses of study for her classical 
works, thus revolutionizing her old curriculum, but she is changing her methods 
of study. Hence, the study of pedagogy is of immense advantage to the teacher 
in China. The demand for such study, together with the demand for special 
preparation in the subject which the candidate may be expecting to teach, may 
require a four years’ postgraduate course divided between the theological studies 
and studies in pedagogy and in the special subjects which he expects to teach. 
I am aware that I am making large demands upon candidates for mission work. 
But it ought to be clearly understood that for such a masterly people as the 
Chinese and the Japanese, and I think also for the people of India, it is simply 
useless to send any persons save men capable of large and distinct leadership, 
and I think it is impossible to train such leaders without an eight years’ course 
added to the ordinary high school course given in America. (Bishop J. W. 
Bashford, Peking, China.) 


Limitations of age and expense, apart from other consid- 
erations, may make such a suggestion as this last imprac- 
ticable, desirable as many of our correspondents regard it, 
but there can be no difference of opinion about the need of 
adequate training on the part of other than ordained mis- 
sionaries to enable them to cope with the real problem of 
mission work, such as the psychology of inter-racial religious 
influence, the domestication of what seems to be a foreign 
faith in a mind and soul long tenanted by unlawful masters, 
the development of the Christian Church in an atmosphere 
alien to its fundamental principles, the adjustment of new 
truth to life set in age-long habit by processes of peaceful 
transition which shall not compromise truth, etc., etc. Fur- 
thermore, young men. going out to missionary service must 
look forward twenty or thirty years to the work which they 
will then wish to be doing, and the places of importance 
they should then be occupying, and should take the prepara- 
tion which will fit them not only for high school management 
or elementary college teaching now, but also for broad exer- 


z 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 27 


cise of power and efficient leadership of movements and men 
when they are no longer boys. . 


III. THe PREPARATION REQUIRED BY ORDAINED 
MISSIONARIES 


The third general inquiry addressed to our correspondents 
related to the sort of preparation needed by ordained mis- 
sionaries. 

1. All are agreed as to the importance of what in America 
and Canada we know as a full college course or its equiva- 
lent as a foundation for the later theological training. 
Adoniram Judson feared in 1832 that too much stress was 
beginning “to be laid on what is termed a thorough classical 
education,” but our correspondents without exception argue 
for the most thorough and comprehensive general educa- 
tional equipment. The proportion of ordained missionaries 
who have had a full college course is very high, perhaps 
higher than in the case of any other body of men. Of the 
graduates of American Medical Colleges for the year ending 
June 30th, 1913, the percentage of men holding degrees in 
arts or sciences was less than 19. The percentage is prob- 
ably between 90 and 100 in the case of the men sent out by 
some of our older mission Boards. The high standards of 
the missionary Boards in this matter, making full allowance 
for the case of exceptional men, should be maintained. 


By all means let a man take his full college course as a preliminary to his 
theological studies. Perhaps nowhere in the world is a thoroughly educated man 
required so much as in the non-Christian Orient. . . . 

I should like to add my personal conviction that the mission field demands 
now more than ever before men with the best qualifications. The candidate for 
the mission field should have a first-class education. He should be (indeed, he 
must be, if he is to be in the true sense of the word successful) a man of refined 
tastes, able to respond to the fine sentiments and instincts of the thoughtful, and 
in many ways the cultured, Oriental. He must, above everything else, be a man 
of deep spiritual experience and insight. In short, he must be more than an 
ordinary man. It is not only an error in policy, but it is criminal to send second- 
rate men to the non-Christian fields, and especially to the Orient. (W. E. 
Taylor, Shanghai, China.) 


28 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


The demands in a country like India on the culture, the mental capacity, the 
intellectual resources and the moral and spiritual possessions are so great that 
the very best discipline and widest culture and most thorough and varied scholar- 
ship is never wasted and can in a consecrated life be turned to fruitful account 
in the service of the Gospel. 

Of course, there are spheres of labor among certain classes where, with 
inferior attainments, effective and fruitful work can be done, and there is room 
for all truly spirit-energized men somewhere. But the churches should keep up 
their ideal to the highest and keep before their candidates for foreign service 
the highest standard of culture and intellectual attainment, as well as eminence 
in spiritual gifts and graces. It will be borne in mind that there are, however, 
some spheres where men who cannot profit by the severer course of training may 
render fruitful service. Yet when it is asked “Is a full college course desirable 
as preliminary to the theological course?” I would unhesitatingly answer, “Yes.” 
The fuller and more thorough the better. A college degree counts for much in 
India, and the culture for which it stands counts for more. (W. A. Wilson, 
Indore, India.) 

Yes, “a full college course is desirable as preliminary to the theological 
course.” The great mission fields of the Levant, India, China, Korea and Japan 
are now getting the highest form of scholastic education, and the broadly edu- 
cated missionary more readily commands their respect and deference. Long 
observation in India convinced me of this. As the study of language and the 
translation and revision of the Scriptures may become the duty of any mission- 
ary, the study of language in method and accuracy should be prominent in the 
college course. (T. J. Scott, Bareilly, India.) 

It seems to me that for most workers the college course is essential, as 
well as a strong, but much modified, theological course. The time is here when 
men with short-cuts in training show up badly. They do not have the minds 
to handle large and difficult problems. Our problems are international and 
interdenominational, and into many of our joint committees are projected dis- 
cussions which only strong men can take up. Only strong men are wanted. 
The mediocre type of men can be substituted far better from the ranks of the 
Chinese of that class. The same salary that supports a weak man will support 
a strong man. Why not only the strong man? (R. F. Fitch, Hangchow, China.) 


2. All are agreed, also, that the foreign missionary should 
have a theological training as thorough as that of the min- 
istry at home. Some think that the training should be some- 
what different in character. They would change the empha- 
sis of studies. ) 


For such as have foreign missions in view, more of mission history (i.e., 
modern church history, which is ancient history in modern guise), mission 
polity or science, Christian ethics, and comparative religion. 

For those going to the foreign field there should be more of the comparative 
studies than for the American workers. 

Less attention should be given to those subjects specially calculated to qualify 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 29 


one for a “settled pastorate” and more to Bible, comparative religion, world 
movements, etc. 


Others would have the course, with the exception of some 
electives, the same for both home ministers and foreign mis- 
sionaries, for reasons set forth in such letters as these: 


It is my feeling that a man preparing for the home pastorate needs in gen- 
eral the same education as one preparing for the foreign field. He needs the 
same building of personal character and the same world-vision to do his best 
work. I also think that every pastor should specialize on some foreign country. 
It is highly important in my judgment that the rank and file of our church 
members should acquire that cosmopolitan outlook and world consciousness 
which comes only with considerable familiarity with other lands, and this can 
be best developed through a ministry which has this cosmopolitan spirit and out- 
look. No man can build his own section of the Kingdom of God who does not 
see its relation to the world-wide Kingdom. (S. L. Gulick, Kyoto, Japan.) 

Every Christian minister should have the missionary spirit. At some time 
during his theological course of study each man should be compelled to face the 
question of deciding on his field of labor, in the light of all the relevant facts 
bearing on work at home and work abroad. Few men should venture to say that 
they are not called to be missionaries abroad. The man who feels assured that 
his sphere of Christian service is in the homeland has probably greater need 
of getting into touch with the varied aspects of modern missions than he who 
purposes to go abroad. To do his best work on the “home base” he must 
know much of the fields in which his former fellow students are laboring. To 
inspire his congregation with missionary zeal he must himself be full of it. To 
lead his young people to study prayerfully and sympathetically the great mis- 
sionary problems of our time he must first do so himself. If he goes through 
a full theological course and comes out at the end of it with no missionary 
enthusiasm there is something wrong with teachers and students both. The con- 
viction is growing stronger with me that the solution of many great missionary 
questions and problems should be found in our theological colleges. The college 
which in twenty years has turned out few or no men for the mission field, or 
enthusiastic missionary advocates in the homelands, has much to be answerable 
for. If every man should be a Christian, every Christian a missionary, and each 
congregation a center of missionary activity, what should each theological class 
be? Surely the Divine Power House for generating the mighty spiritual forces 
that are to transform communities and nations. (Murdoch Mackenzie, Changte, 
China.) 


3. There is a remarkable agreement, also, in the judgments 
of our correspondents, with regard to the specific studies 
which ordained missionaries should have taken either in the 
theological schools or as part of their preparatory collegiate 
or university course. The following, taking for granted the 
more obvious college studies, is a list of the subjects sug- 


30 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED. MISSIONARIES 


gested, upon which, though with exceptions as to an occa- 
sional item, there is a general concord: 


Modern languages, Sanitary Science. Systematic theology. 
especially German. Hygiene. Church history. 

Greek. First aid to the injured. Apologetics. 

Phonetics. 

History of philosophy. Music. Missions and world 

History of civilization. Art. movements. 

History of religion. Business methods. Early conflict of Christi- 


anity with Heathenism. 
Political, economic and 
diplomatic history of 
foreign mission fields. 


Principles of religious Sociology and civics. Comparative religion. 
education. Ethnology and anthro- The science of missions. 
Pedagogy. pology. Missionary biography. 
Biblical pedagogy. Astronomy. The Bible. 
Psychology. Economics. 
Political and economic Biology. 
geography. 


The comments on some of these special subjects should 
be noted. There is a strong emphasis on the value of 
thorough language study, some urging the acquisition and 
retention of a working knowledge of New Testament Greek 
and some the mastery of German. Theology, it is held, 
should be studied in a world air, with the eyes on large hori- 
zons, with a closer touch upon the problems of the actual 
propagation of Christianity throughout the nations. As one 
writer puts it: 


A study of theology, largely historical, is important in order to enable the 
missionary to understand the large variety of beliefs he will meet. I think per- 
sonally that thorough Bible study is better than formal theology to lead to the 
definite personal convictions that are very important. Church history with special 
attention to the causes and means of the expansion of Christianity and also the 
working out of Christian principles in society is important. (W. A. Shedd, 
Urumia, Persia.) 


And Church history and Government, as Dr. Shedd holds, 
should be studied as the living story of the past effort of 
the Church to meet and solve the very problems with which 
missions deal today, and all world history be reinterpreted 
in terms of the redemptive effort of God. 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 31 


A prospective missionary should take all he can obtain in the history of 
religions, comparison of religions, where the distinctive features of Christian- 
ity are well emphasized, and most especially every form of study emphasizing 
God in history. The Bible is history, but it is peculiarly God in history for the 
redemption of man. There are some noble books along this line—Bunsen—but 
we need more, and I believe that the missionary history of the past century 
ought to be ready to supply them. While I am not exactly conversant with 
the details of many seminary courses, I have an impression that there are many 
minor courses which might give way to these major courses of God in history. 
(F. E. Hoskins, Beirut, Syria.) 

As to ecclesiastical history, let it be general history rather than denomi- 
national. We are living in such a big age that the man who does not have a 
sympathetic knowledge of the history of other churches besides his own is 
enough to cause heartaches when he speaks. 

When it comes to church government, why cannot our seminaries come out 
upon bigger ground? Let us study the governments of all our larger churches, 
with the idea of learning how the best elements in all may be incorporated in 
fullest richness, in the ultimate Church of God, the Universal Empire of Christ. 
The Congregational Church stands for individual liberty, the Presbyterian 
Church for representative government, and the Episcopal for executives (not 
always sufficiently constitutional). But all these three elements are to be found 
in all efficient business and political bodies, for the sake of efficiency. In the 
ultimate Church of Christ we shall embrace all these elements. (R. F. Fitch, 
Hangchow, China.) 


This emphasis on Bible Study is especially noticeable, as 
two out of many expressions will suffice to indicate, and we 
may quote these fully as illustrating the attitude of mind of 
devoted and efficient missionaries on this and other aspects 
of our inquiry: | 


In the vast choice of electives which are now open to college students, from 
the standpoint of what I have seen in Japan, . . . I would master German 
and make it as ready a tool for reading at least as English. . . . I would 
get thoroughly familiar with the history of European civilization. Philosophy, 
especially modern philosophy, should receive much attention. Psychology and 
sociology should likewise be pretty well mastered in their general outlines. A 
fair knowledge of the physical sciences is highly desirable—astronomy, chemistry 
and physics. I would not spend much time on mathematics. For those going 
to Japan a good general course in art is highly important. Ability to sing is of 
great importance. Special ability for solo singing or any solo instrumental work 
is highly appreciated and in constant demand. In the theological school I would 

master the English Bible—get the assured results of modern Biblical 
scholarship as to origin, author, historical exegesis, etc. Stiff courses in the 
History and Philosophy of Religion should accompany a thorough course in the 
history of the church and the Christian theology. 

Systematic theology gripping together the results of all these courses should 
provide the student with such a world-view and such conceptions of God, man 


32 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


and the world as the present state of human knowledge warrants. Modesty 
on the part of the theologian as to problems still under discussion is also of the 
highest importance. 

Of course, no person can study all non-Christian lands and all pagan religions 
with equal fulness. Hence the history, religions and customs of the land to 
which one goes should be the object of special study. Yet some general knowl- 
edge of other lands and their religions and history is also desirable. (S. L. 
Gulick, Kyoto, Japan.) 

Regarding the nature of theological preparations, I find it difficult to form 
a clear-cut opinion. One sees so many instances of men called to do a type of 
work entirely out of the range of their anticipation in coming to the field. For 
instance, I looked forward to a life of simple evangelistic work, largely in coun- 
try districts, left most of my books in America at the advice of an old mission- 
ary, and thought that further theological study would be a species of self- 
indulgence. I find myself in a theological school, teaching Greek in Chinese, 
dealing perforce with recent Biblical criticism, the bearings of evolution and 
science generally on Christian truth, and all the difficulties that beset theological 
students in our home seminaries. One is tempted to say that almost every subject 
that relates itself to modern life in the curricula of Western seminaries will 
be of service here. Apologetics, based on present-day objections to Christianity 
and to religion in general, constructive Biblical scholarship, of course, compara- 
tive religion, Christian sociology (sociology and its related ideas being current 
everywhere among educated Chinese and Japanese), practical knowledge of 
music, especially for leading in singing, are some of the things that suggest them- 
selves to me. While Hebrew will doubtless be introduced into our theological 
schools in the near future, I do not see any advantage in its being studied to any 
extent by missionary candidates. All this amounts to little more than saying 
that such men should have practically the same course as those who look forward 
to the ministry at home. For both classes the supreme need is the study of the 
English Bible, in the light of modern scholarship, but with the old attitude of 
reverent belief in it as the Word of God, His message to the nations. (J. 
Leighton Stuart, Nanking, China.) 


Very special emphasis should be laid on the importance 
of the study of methods of education. Missionary preaching 
is essentially teaching and the evangelistic missionary en- 
gaged in itinerating work needs a thorough elementary 
knowledge of the principles of teaching, while the ordained 
men who are to engage in educational work should have both 
general training in pedagogy and specialized preparation for 
the work which they are to do. 

Wherever possible, missionary appointees should have 
their fields designated at the beginning of their senior year, 
in order to be able to shape their elective studies and reading 
during the last year of their preparation. 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 33 


Behind the question of the study of the Chinese language on the field lies 
the problem of student preparation for Chinese missionary candidates before 
they leave the homeland. Much might be done by the Mission Boards if they 
pursued a definite policy of determining the appointment of men at least one 
year before they were sent out to the field and by advising them upon a course 
of study in matters concerning their land of destination during their last year 
at home. In China, for instance, a knowledge of Chinese history, Chinese phi- 
losophy, the reading of the Chinese classics in an English translation, and, above 
all, a sympathetic study of the religions of the land, would do very much to re- 
move misconceptions from the minds of intending missionaries and bring them 
to the close study of the language and contact with the people with minds more 
or less in sympathy with the Chinese point of view. It is, unfortunately, the case 
that few men, unless of a specially energetic mental habit, can find time and 
opportunity to acquire information along these lines such as might be given them 
by a year’s quiet course of intelligent reading in selected colleges and wniver- 
sities. Efficiency in the preparation of missionaries for work among Chinese is 
a matter not only for the missions on the field, but also for the home Boards in 
their dealings with candidates for service. (Chinese Missionary Recorder, July, 
1908, pp. 359-360.) 


4. A small minority of our correspondents favor the 
study of Hebrew: 


In regard to Hebrew, I would unhesitatingly say “yes.” The study of Hebrew 
is important, especially if pursued according to Harper’s Inductive Method. I 
personally received more help from that method of studying Hebrew in the sub- 
sequent study of the Chinese language than in any other one study in either 
college or seminary course. (P. F. Price, Nanking, China.) 

I do not think there is any subject the student could substitute for Hebrew 
that would prepare him equally well for the mission service where his work will 
necessarily be largely of the nature of teaching. (W.R. Foote, Wonsan, Korea.) 

Yes, “a full course in Hebrew,” especially for those looking to work in 
Moslem fields. It will be useful not only in the connection just given, but in the 
study of Arabic and its literature, and of the Koran, (T. J. Scott, Bareilly, 
India.) 

The storm center of the Old Testament has been the specialty of experts 
in Hebrew for a great part of the nineteenth century. Higher critics rule out 
unceremoniously men who are not good Hebrew scholars. Unless Hebrew is 
taken up the reverent student is seriously handicapped. It means that on many 
topics he is scarcely entitled to have or express an opinion. It has always been 
a matter of regret to me that Chinese language studies made it hard for me to 
keep up Hebrew study. (Murdoch Mackenzie, Changte, China.) 


Four out of five, however, of those who have written to 
us have substituted other work for Hebrew study in their 
plan for the preparation of ordinary ordained missionaries. 

5. We have examined the courses of study offered in vari- 
ous institutions for the special preparation of ordained mis- 


34 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


sionaries, and the tabulation of several of these will suffice 
to show what progress has been made at home toward meet- 
ing the needs which have been expressed. The problem be- 
fore our theological schools is not an easy one, and it is more 
difficult now than it has been. They have to deal with an 
increasing proportion of matriculates who have had an inad- 
equate general preparation. They are called upon to supply 
studies which should have been taken in the preliminary 
course. Most of the work outlined above, for example, is 
work which the student should have covered in college, and 
some of it is work which he must do for himself in general 
reading, either before or after reaching the field. But the 
curricula which we present indicate how earnestly some in- 
stitutions have endeavored to meet the requisitions of the 
missionaries. 

These two curricula are three-year courses offered by two 
seminaries, the number of hours per week being indicated 
in each subject: 


Junior Class 


Comparative Religion ........ 1 hr. 
Old Testament History and 

Literature <ccke Auer ases vee 2 hrs. 
New Testament Literature....2 hrs. Ist t’m 

lhr. 2dt’m 

Artt-of Preaching... (4)... e826 lhr. 
Elementary Homiletics ....... 2 hrs. 
Voice Training and Vocal Ex- 

PTESSION 2hi6d 5 eee ee oe ewe 1 hr. 
Rhetoricals .cif029«s sammroeaes lhr. 
Foreign Mission Fields ....... lhr. 
Systematic Sociology ......... 1 hr. ; 
National Efficiency ........... 3 hrs. Ist t’m 


Required Elective Courses....4 hrs. 
Middle Class 


The Bible as Literature....... 2 hrs. 
Systematic Theology ......... 3 hrs. 
Philosophy and Morphology of 


Non-Christian Religions ....1l hr. 
Church History to Close of the 
Papal ’Schiem 72.21: 0st .2 hrs. 


Junior Year 


Missionary World View....1hr. 
Christian Doctrine ......... 3 hrs. 
Elocution 45 .sirad.ed abt. 2 hrs. 
Missionary Preaching and 


Teaching (he.2k. cabin won 2 hrs 
New Testament ............ 3 hrs. 
Old Testament ..... Rape lrct! 4 4hrs 

Middle Year 
Historical Theology ........ 3 hrs. 
Pastoral Theology .......... 2 hrs. 


(Administration, Polity 
and Law, History of 
Missions. ) 
Religious Education ........ 2 irs. 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 35 


History of Christian Doctrine.2 hrs. History and Principles of 
Garevof-a*Parishy ort oz: lhr. Education * o30.//. 4s Codie 3 hrs. 
Rhetoricals)’.. as aovcoees «le us 3 lhr. Phonetics 1-209 / ees: 2 hrs. 
Principles and Methods of Re- History of India and Other 
ligious Education .......... 2 hrs. British Colonies .......... 3 hrs. 
Required Elective Courses....4hrs. 2d sem. 
Sanitary Science ........... 1 hr. 
lst sem. 
Social Relations of the 
Churchix: Soi ves0is< are 2 hrs. 
1st sem. 
Senior Class Senior Year 
Biblical Theology of the New Hist. of Christian Doctrine. .2 hrs. 
Pestament’ +22 chy. fei ees oe 3 hrs. Comparative Religion ...... 2 hrs. 
Church History from the Ref- The Mission Fields ......... 2 hrs. 
ormation to the Present Age.2 hrs. Philosophy and Psychology 
The Minister’s Message....... 1 hr. PE aReTIQION dices cc asecies s 3 hrs. 
Liturgics and Personal Life of Methods of Personal Ap- 
the: Minister csccae'ds oscars lhr. Pinatas fies sacs vae 2 hrs. 
Pastoral Functions ........... lhr. 1st sem. 
Rhetoricalsia. oh deca, ene sanke lhr. Missions and World Move- 
The Science of Missions...... 1 hr. NOTES eal <)hi¢ uh hace. tola> 60 2 hrs. 
The Principles of Education. .2 hrs. : 2d sem. 
Methods and Course of Study.1 hr. Science and Practice of 
Tropical Hygiene .........+.- 2 hrs. 1st t’m MsseInns <ee hat oles aes «= 2 hrs. 
Required Elective Courses....4 hrs. History of the ——- denomi- 
IATA ars 0g h niote wicke-p inal bia 2 hrs. 


The required Elective Courses mentioned in the first col- 
umn are to be chosen from Old and New Testament Inter- 
pretation, Biblical and Systematic Theology, Non-Christian 
Religions, Historical Studies, Religious Education and Lan- 
guages. The institution offering the courses in the second 
column offers alternative electives for middle and senior 
year in Modern Languages, Nurse Training, Business Meth- 
ods, Music, Phonetics, etc., etc. 

The following is a two-year course offering supplementary 
courses, if desired, in Hebrew, Greek, Phonetics and 
Theology: 


First Year Second Year 
HOURS. HOURS. 
HATES DANE Te pcan canes Xs 06's ss 124 English: Bibles. ceusseet Ketseset 186 
Ethnic Religions and Christian Pedagogy ....... 1]. Smaks poddead «fats 62 


Micsions -: 0% <5. Ey ny re 31. Church: History ¥.s50.%3% 408 seh ot 62 


36 


The Principles of Missions and 
Methods of Work; Evangelistic, 


Educational, Medical, ete. ...... 62 
Theory and Practice of Bible 

Teaching and Speaking ......... 31 
Church History in Outline......... 31 
Fundamental Doctrines and Prob- 

lems of Personal Work......... 31 
Psychological Foundations ........ 31 
History of Education ............. 31 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


Biblical Theology .......... ye dhe 62 
Essentials in Missionary Efficiency. 62 


The following two courses are offered by two institutions 
either to men who have taken more or less of the regular 
theological seminary course, or to those who have taken none 
of it. The student can take one or two years’ work: 


I. Preparation for the Delivery of 
the Message 

English Bible 

Christian Doctrine. 

The Message of Christianity. 

The Nature of Religion. 


II. Preparation for the Acquisition 
of Language 

Phonetics. 

Modern Foreign Languages. 


III. Preparation for the Work of 
Teaching 


Elements of Genetic Psychology. 

Advanced Genetic Psychology. 

The Psychology of Religion. 

A Psychological Study of Peoples in 
Mission Lands. 

Fundamental Principles 
and Religious Education. 

General Method. 

History and Principles of Education. 

Special Method for Elementary 
Grades. 


of Morals 


I. Missionary Science and History 


The Science of Missions. 
Anthropology. 

Ethnology. 

General Church History. 

The Protestant Revolution. 
History of Missionary Expansion. 
History of the Mission Fields. 


II. The World’s Religions 
The Science of Religion. 
History and Comparison of Religion. 
History of Philosophy. 


Philosophy of Religion. 
Ethics, 


Ill. Medicine and Hygiene 


Elements of Medicine. 
Elements of Surgery. 

Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 
Domestic Science. 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 37 


IV. Preparation for an Understand- IV. The Social and Political Sciences 


ing of Missionary Problems Sociology. 
History of Missions. Primitive Society. 
Theory and Practice of Missions. The American City. 
Social Progress in Mission Lands. The Country Life Movement. 
The Contemporary Missionary Situa- Biblical Sociology. 
tion. Government of Dependencies. 


International Law. 


V. Preparation for an Understanding V. Languages of Mission Fields 
of the Field Linguistics. 
Sociology. Oriental Languages. 
The History of Religion. 
The Study of the History, Institutions 
and Religions of the Particular 
Fields. 
The Missionary Problems of Specific 
Mission Fields. 


VI. Preparation for Increasing the VI. Biblical History, Literature and 


Efficiency of the Missionary in Interpretation 
Certain Practical Directions Old Testament History. 
Medical Instruction. Old Testament Literature. 
Business Methods. Theology. 
Music. New Testament History. 


New Testament Introduction. 
New Testament Interpretation. 


VII. Pedagogy and Psychology 


History of Education. 
Pedagogy of Religion. 
Psychology. 

Kindergarten Methods. 


In other institutions, also, which have not provided any 
such radically readjusted courses as these, there is an in- 
creasing flexibility, a readaptation of the work to modern 
conditions and to the new world attitude which forbids the 
perpetuation of the racial insularity of mind of the past. 
It must be recognized, too, that some of the Seminaries 
which preserve the traditional studies and emphasis and pro- 
portions of study are superior in their effectiveness as train- 
ing agencies to some of the new courses. It is a matter of 
thoroughness quite as much as of form. And the provision 
of new courses will not suffice unless they are given with a 


38 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


thoroughness equal to or surpassing the old. And it must 
be recognized, also, that the men educated are a larger ele- 
ment than the mechanism of education, and that good men 
will fit themselves, wherever they may be, and that some of 
our best theological thinkers and Church leaders will be men 
who have not had a theological seminary course. Conceding 
all this, however, it remains true that what is asked by experi- 
enced missionaries, and what some of our schools are already 
providing, indicates the training needed and the direction in 
which it seems certain that theological education will advance 
in the preparation of ordained men for the foreign field. 
Perhaps our Committee has done as much as it is practicable 
or appropriate for it now to do in simply calling attention 
to this direction. 

6. We have, in closing, to emphasize some vital elements 
in the equipment of ordained missionaries which are beyond 
the matter of educational curriculum. Practical experience 
in home missionary service, in the organization and direction 
of Christian activity, and especially in persuasive contact 
with men, is an indispensable part of the preparation of 
ordained missionaries: 

On the side of Christian work, I think that the missionary candidate should 
have special training, not so much in the way of formal preaching, but in work 
for individuals, Sunday school organization, Bible teaching, religious and moral 
training and work for tke neglected. We missionaries are apt to forget that 
Christianity can and should take hold of depraved individuals and make godly 
men of them. We are in danger, too, of making religion too much an intellectual 
affair to be established by arguments. I should think that city mission work 
would be useful. Whatever the course is, it should be thorough. (W. A. 
Shedd, Urumia, Persia.) 

With reference to the seminary course, it cannot be questioned that the 
sole aim in the training given should be to fit men for the highest soul-saving 
efficiency. That only was the Master’s aim, and He did not permit one of His 
trained followers to start off on a soul-saving mission without filling them with 
the Holy Spirit. The same Divine equipment is as imperative now as it was then. 
If the aim and the result in any seminary is not to produce such equipment, 
then better close the doors, for God, the Holy Spirit, is not in supreme control 
there. I believe with all my heart in a full seminary course if men are sent out 


like the Master’s; if not, then send men who have never entered a theological 
hall if they believe and give proof that they are mightily filled with the Spirit of 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 39 


God. There are such today in China saving souls, while some men with the 
very highest educational polish are merely skimming the surface. 

If possible all students for the ministry would do well to take lessons in 
slum, jail and other such work under the guidance of aggressive soul-saving 
leaders. I owe not a little of my usefulness in China to such work done in 
Toronto. If men are not pressed by the Holy Spirit to seek lost souls even in 
the highways and hedges of the homeland, they are apt to spend too much time 
in their houses on the foreign field. (J. Goforth, Honan, China.) 


This specialized and experienced ability as an evangelist, 
in the truest New Testament conception of the word, is the 
most essential element in the preparation of the ordained 
missionary, but there are other forms of specialized knowl- 
edge which also have value: 


In recent years in Japan I have become impressed with the great advantage 
gained by a missionary who has some one subject on which he has specialized 
to the degree that he can be recognized as an expert authority; any subject will 
do—music, poetry, Shakespeare, Milton, astronomy, botany, birds, Napoleon— 
anything, provided it is something that he can occasionally make use of for the 
interest of those about him. He gains unique recognition thereby, not otherwise 
obtainable, and it brings prestige to all his other work. In Japan today there 
are so many Japanese specialists that a missionary who is not a specialist on 
anything is popularly assigned the rank of mediocrity, and it damages all his 
work. (S. L. Gulick, Kyoto, Japan.) 


Mr. Menzies suggests, also, a course of training which is 
not named in any of our curricula, but which has had no 
small part in the preparation and work of some of our best 
missionaries: 

If you could invent a new course in “Spartanics” or something like that—I 
mean the science of “non-quitting”—you would very greatly benefit the missionary 
cause. Our missionaries are dropping off far too fast these days, not as shocks 
of corn fully ripe, but in the full green of the spring tide, and they drop off and 
are both lost and gone before (their proper time). (J. R. Menzies, Hwaiching, 
China.) 

Whatever in the discipline of ordained missionaries en- 
larges and liberates their minds, enriches their social adap- 
tations, expands their human sympathies, advances them 
toward the stature of the personality of Christ, is a priceless 
addition to their preparation. The social tests to which the 
Gospel is put today on the mission field, as it was in the 
Roman world in the first two centuries, the spread of secular 


40 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


education and civilization in Asia, the need of a Christian- 
mindedness which lifts the man of conviction above the bonds 
of theological partisanship, call for men who will be in their 


measure now what Paul was as a missionary in the situation 
which he faced. 


The Gospel message without its application is too abstract. The application 
in social service, not done in the name of Christ, brings no glory to our Father 
in heaven and does no heavenward work in the hearts of men. I saw this so 
clearly in the Philippines. There is much of altruism and social service, and 
Christ inspired philanthropism in the Philippines, but not done in the name of 
the world’s Saviour, with the result that men there in great multitudes are going 
down morally. They have lost their faith in degraded Catholicism and in all 
religious faith, with the result that side by side with material and educational 
advance they are going backward in morals. 

Now in such a plan we need ordained men of the highest type, who, be- 
cause of their years of training in a certain direction, may hold strong to the 
religious motive and be able to keep social work from being secularized and 
powerless. For example, the publicity man, the worker among the literati and 
even among the soldiers and perhaps boys ought to have some kind of theological 
training. So with the man who works among the poor of the city. 

But the trouble is with our training. It is not sufficiently human, as was 
the teaching of Christ. Christ took His disciples with Him that they might know 
Him and also might know human life. We teach introspection and retrospection. 
We teach it so thoroughly that the bent of half our theological graduates is fixed 
for life and they do not come to Chinese life with a broad and open mind. 
(R. F. Fitch, Hangchow, China.) 

The most important aim in missionary training is not the impartation of 
specific knowledge, but the building up of large, noble, sympathetic, Christian 
manhood and womanhood. For it is the impress of personality that counts in 
the mission field and everywhere. How often I have heard it said in recent years 
by Japanese that what they are looking for is personality. They are not par- 
ticularly conscious of the lack in themselves of scholarship or technical skill; 
they are painfully conscious that men in high positions somehow lack manhood. 
And as I think over the hundreds of missionaries in Japan, I note that the 
effective workers are the men and women of commanding personality. Their 
unfailing courtesy, kindness and wide sympathy, their unfailing patience, absolute 
freedom from personal ambition, from irritation or indignation at personal 
affronts, their perfect self-possession and control of temper and tongue whatever 
the provocation—these are the qualities that count. Then to these qualities 
should be added, of course, comprehensive modern scholarship, world-visions, 
quickness to see and sympathize with the good and true, even if it does not 
have the Christian name or belong to “my doxy.’ Now any education which 
produces this character and this general intellectual attitude, together with the 
strong conviction that the supreme need of every man is the building up of 
personal character through conscious and determined discipleship to Jesus, is 
an education fitted to produce efficient missionaries. 

Of course, specific courses of lectures may be highly advantageous and I am 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 41 


quite willing to express my opinion about them and shall-do so presently; but 
I wish to say with all the emphasis of which I am capable that what counts on 
the mission field is not primarily what a man knows, not his intellectual ability, 
nor even his social characteristics—but what he is in his own inner life. He 
must be a man whose life is so hid with Christ’s in God that his spirit and daily 
manner of life is manifestly controlled thereby. He must be such that men 
may unconsciously feel and when they stop to question they must recognize that 
he is a true Christian—that he has been and still is with Jesus. No amount of 
intellectual training or brilliant scholarship can be a substitute for this. (S. L. 
Gulick, Kyoto, Japan.) 


This is the finally essential thing in the preparation of the 
ordained missionary. He is to be the founder and moulder 
of the new Church. The life which is to be its life he is 
to bring. Can he bring it in wealth if he has it only in 
poverty? 


It is needless to say that, however necessary culture, mental capacity, intel- 
lectual equipment may be, for the highest and most efficient service spiritual 
power and culture are indispensable. And no system of education or preparation 
is adequate that does not take into account the need for the cultivation of the 
soul’s highest life and make provision for the development of spiritual life and 
the strengthening of the bond of union between it and the Saviour. Spiritually 
minded men are needed for spiritual work. A man without the new Christ-given 
life as a personal possession, however great his culture and talents, should not 
go as a messenger of the Gospel to the foreign field. (W. A. Wilson, Indore, 
India.) 

The missionary should have a very definite experience of the new birth 
and be a man of very decided spiritual life. In a vital sense he is the Gospel. 
His life and the aura of his personality will make or mar his work, “Ye shall be 
witnesses unto me.” (Acts 1:8, with John 17:18.) (T. J. Scott, Bareilly, India.) 

All intending missionaries should give Christ His peerless place in their 
hearts, heads and homes. The man is much to be pitied who goes abroad with 
his mind uncertain regarding his Saviour and Master. The mission field will 
thrust many new and seemingly strange aspects of life and duty on him. The 
experiences of the average worker abroad are very varied. Mission work to 
many may seem prosaic enough, without much glamor or romance. To the 
great majority of Christian workers it is the most joyful work on earth. It is 
so because it throws them back much and often on Christ for themselves and 
for their hearers. They see enough of the heathen just as they are. Seeing 
Jesus Christ daily, they will in Him see them as they are to be. The note of 
joy, of unquestioning faith, or loyal surrender, of assured triumph, should 
abound in every true missionary’s life. It is Christ always and everywhere. 
(Murdoch Mackenzie, Changte, China.) 


How is this spiritual training of the ordained missionary 
to be given? 
1. Both in the curriculum and in the personal life of the 


42 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


student there must be provision made for the thorough mas- 
tery of the Bible. A missionary who has had unique experi- 
ence in working for students in India writes that he was 
told when he began his work that he must gain the intellec- 
tual confidence of the students by being on the Board of 
Examiners for the University, and that he must win their 
interest by speaking on secular subjects before he could ap- 
proach them on the direct religious basis. He found, how- 
ever, that men simply flocked to him for direct personal 
religious conversation and were ready to consider with him 
at once the Person of Jesus Christ, and to study the Gospels. 
“I wished many times,” he writes, “that in my seminary 
course of study I could have gone through all the books of 
the New Testament and most of the books of the Old Testa- 
ment, paragraph by paragraph, exegetically, learning not 
only the exact meaning of the text, but how to explain the 
text most effectively.” Such training would have made the 
man a richer Christian, and would have taught him better 
how to deal directly with Indian students who were ready 
to study with him, without preparatory apologetics, the direct 
teaching of the Bible. 

2. Every student should take a thorough course in the 
study of the Person of Christ so that he knows what he be- 
lieves about Christ and is able to preach Christ. It is well 
to know the teaching of Jesus, but it is more important to 
know Jesus Himself, and to be able to preach Christ and His 
Cross to men. In the ten sermons mentioned in the Acts of 
the Apostles four main points are emphasized: 


(a) The atoning death of Christ. 
(b) The resurrection of Christ. 


(c) The forgiveness of sins. 
(d) Christ as Judge. 


3. Missionary candidates might well be given a deep and 
effective course on these four elements of the Apostolic 


PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 43 


preaching, and especially on the personality and work of the 
Holy Spirit. 

4. The ordained missionary should have a thorough train- 
ing both in the theory and in the practice of personal work 
or personal evangelism, studying the personal interviews of 
our Lord, and learning how by actually dealing with men to 
present Christ to them and to bring them to Christ. 

5. There should be a sympathetic and searching, but not 
too introspective, course of study on the personal spiritual 
life of the missionary in which the biographies of the great 
missionaries should be gone over and the secret of their suc- 
cess made clear. 

6. A valuable course might be provided on the subject of 
spiritual awakenings. First, under Whitfield and Wesley in 
Great Britain; second, in connection with Finney and Moody 
and others in America; third, in connection with the Pietists 
and Gemeinschafts Bewegungen in Germany, pointing out 
the danger as well as the good points in these movements. 

7. There might be a searching course on personal and cor- 
porate prayer, dealing, first, with the subject as presented in 
the Bible, both the Old Testament and the New Testament; 
second, dealing with the subject historically, especially in 
the modern missionary fields, more particularly as empha- 
sized in the lives of prominent native Christians like Pastor 
Hsi and Ding Li Mei of China; Dr. Chatterjee and Pan- 
dita Ramabai of India, and Joseph Neesima of Japan. It 
might also be well to deal with a few others like Chinese Gor- 
don, George Muller, Forbes Robinson and others. 

8. Most of all, in the personal life and the friendships and 
the associations of the Seminary course the reality of religion 
should be deepened in men’s lives, so that each man who goes 
out will go as one committed in his whole being to Christ and 
in whom Christ Himself has been formed anew. 

We act unwisely when we take this for granted and assume 
that it will take care of itself if we take care of theology and 


44 PREPARATION OF ORDAINED MISSIONARIES 


pedagogy and Church history. The thing that is of chief 
importance should be the thing of chief conscious care and 
concern. Whatever else we provide or neglect in the prep- 
aration of ordained missionaries, this is the one thing that 
we may not neglect. The preparation which does not secure 
it is futile, however elaborate it may be. The training which 
does assure it and at the same time provides the breadth and 
definiteness of intellectual preparation required, is the train- 
ing for which we are seeking in behalf of ordained mis- 
sionaries. 


SELECTED List oF BIOGRAPHIES 


Sherwood—Memoirs of David Brainerd. Funk & Wagnalls. $1.50. 

Griffis—(Samuel Robbins Brown). A Maker of the New Orient. Revell. 
$1.25. 

Burns—William Chalmers Burns. Nisbet. 3s. 6d. 

Smith—The Life of William Carey. Murray. 7s. 6d. 

Lovett—James Chalmers: His Autobiography and Letters. Revell. $1.50. 

Mackintosh—Coillard of the Zambesi. American Tract. $2.50. 

Birks—The Life and Correspondence of Thomas Valpy French. 2 vols. 
Murray. Second hand. 

Mackay—From Far Formosa. Revell. $1.25. 

Lovett—James Gilmour of Mongolia. Revell. $1.75. 

Parsons—Adolphus Clement Good. A Life for Africa. Revell. $1.25. 

Dawson—James Hannington. Seeley. 3s. 6d. 

Barber—David Hill, Missionary and Saint. Kelly. 3s. 6d. 

Jessup—Fifty-three Years in Syria. 2 vols. Revell. $5.00. 

Thompson—Griffith John. Doran. $2.00. 

Judson—The Life of Adoniram Judson. American Baptist Publication 
Society. $1.25. 

Zwemer—Raymund Lull, First Missionary to the Moslems. Funk & Wag- 
nalls. $.75. 

Mackenzie—John Mackenzie. Doran. $2.00. 

Smith—Henry Martyn: Saint and Scholar. Revell. $1.50. 

Moffat—Robert and Mary Moffat. Unwin. 2s. 6d. 

Nevius—The Life of John Livingstone Nevius. Revell. $2.00. 

Messmore—The Life of Edwin Wallace Parker, Missionary Bishop of 
Southern Asia. Eaton & Mains. $1.00. 

Paton—Autobiography of John G. Paton. 2 vols. Hodder. 6s. each. 

Yonge—Life and Letters of John Coleridge Patteson. Macmillan. $3.00. 

Gray—Thomas of Tinnevelly. Church Missionary Society. 

Gairdner—D. M. Thornton. Revell. $1.25. 

Griffis—Verbeck of Japan. Revell. $1.50. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE BOARD 
The First Annual Report (1911) 


Of historical value, giving full details of the first year of organization. 
Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The First and Second Annual Reports (1911, 1912) 
A few copies bound in one volume. Valuable for completing sets. 
Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Third Annual Report (1913) 


Rich in suggestions concerning the special training which evangelistic, 
educational, medical, and women missionaries should seek. It also con- 
tains a report on the use of the missionary furlough, a list of the institu- 
tions which offer special courses for candidates, and suggestions of valu- 
able courses of reading. 

Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


The Fourth Annual Report (1914) 


Containing reports on preparation for different fields, such as China, 
India, Japan, Latin America, the Near Hast and Pagan Africa. It also 
includes full reports of the two important Conferences on Preparation of 
Ordained Missionaries and Administrative Problems. 

Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Fifth Annual Report (1915) 


Including the reports of the two important Conferences on Prepara- 
tion of Women for Foreign Service and Preparation of Medical Mission- 
aries. ‘ 

Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Sixth Annual Report (1916) 


Containing, besides the report of the Annual Meeting, the full report 
of the important Conference on Educational Preparation. 
Paper, price 50 cents, postpaid. 


The Seventh Annual Report (1917) 


Containing the minutes and proceedings of the Annual Meeting. 
Paper, price 25 cents, postpaid. 


CONFERENCE REPORTS 
The Report of a Conference on the Preparation of Women for Foreign 
Missionary Service. Paper, 25 cents. 
The Report of a Conference on the Preparation of Medical Missionaries. 
Paper, 25 cents. 
The Report of a Conference on the Preparation of Ordained Missionaries. 
Paper, 25 cents. 


The Presentation of Christianity in Confucian Lands. Paper, 50. cents. 
The Presentation of Christianity to Hindus. Paper, 50 cents. 
The Presentation of Christianity to Moslems. Paper, 50 cents. 


REPRINTS OF SPECIAL REPORTS 
Preparation of Ordained Missionaries (revised). 10° cents. 
Preparation of Medical Missionaries (revised). 10 cents. 
Preparation of Educational Missionaries (revised). 10 cents. 
Preparation of Women for Foreign Service (revised). 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to China. 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to India. 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Japan. 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Latin America. 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to the Near East. 10 cents. 
Preparation of Missionaries Appointed to Pagan Africa. 10 cents. 





